Measles is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by a virus. It was once a common childhood illness, but thanks to widespread vaccination, cases have become much less frequent. However, outbreaks can still occur, especially in areas with low vaccination rates.
Causes of Measles
The measles virus is spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus can live in the air for up to two hours and can infect people in the same room even after the infected person has left.
Symptoms of Measles
Measles symptoms typically appear 7-14 days after exposure to the virus and occur in stages:
- Stage 1 (1-4 days): Fever, cough, runny nose, and watery eyes (conjunctivitis).
- Stage 2 (4 days): Development of a red, blotchy rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body.
- Stage 3 (After a few days of the rash): The rash fades, and the fever subsides.
Complications of Measles
While measles is usually a self-limited illness, meaning it resolves on its own, it can lead to serious complications, especially in young children and adults. Some potential complications include:
- Ear infections: These are common in children with measles and can sometimes lead to permanent hearing loss.
- Pneumonia: This is an infection of the lungs that can be life-threatening.
- Encephalitis: This is an inflammation of the brain that can cause seizures, brain damage, and even death.
- Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE): This is a rare, fatal brain disorder that can develop years after a measles infection.
Treatment of Measles
There is no specific treatment for measles itself. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and prevent complications. This may include:
- Plenty of rest: Your body needs rest to fight off the infection.
- Fluids: Drinking plenty of fluids helps prevent dehydration caused by fever and coughing.
- Fever-reducing medications: These can help manage discomfort caused by fever. However, avoid aspirin for children with measles due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome, a rare but serious complication.
- Pain relievers: These can help manage aches and pains.
- Vitamin A: This vitamin can be especially helpful in children with vitamin A deficiency who contract measles.
Prevention of Measles
The best way to prevent measles is by getting vaccinated. The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is highly effective in preventing measles. The CDC recommends that all children get two doses of the MMR vaccine:
- First dose between 12 and 15 months of age
- Second dose between 4 and 6 years of age
Vaccination is important not only for your own health but also for herd immunity. Herd immunity protects those who cannot be vaccinated, such as infants or people with weakened immune systems, by making it less likely they will come into contact with the virus.
If you suspect you or your child has measles, consult a doctor immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications.
