Cervical cancer is primarily caused by infection with certain types of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV).1 However, several other factors can increase the risk of developing this cancer.2 Here’s a detailed look:
1. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection:
Most Significant Risk: HPV is the most crucial risk factor. Most cervical cancers are caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of HPV, such as HPV 16 and 18.3
Transmission: HPV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) spread through skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity.4
2. Weakened Immune System:
HIV Infection: Individuals with HIV infection are at significantly higher risk due to a weakened immune system, making it harder to fight off HPV and other infections.5
Immunosuppressive Medications: People taking medications to suppress their immune system (e.g., after organ transplantation, for autoimmune diseases) are also at increased risk.6
3. Smoking:
Significant Contributor: Smoking increases the risk of cervical cancer and makes HPV infections more likely to persist.7
Mechanism: Smoking weakens the immune system and may interact with HPV to increase the risk of cancer development.8
4. Sexual History:
Early Onset of Sexual Activity: Starting sexual activity at a young age increases the risk of HPV exposure.9
Multiple Sexual Partners: Having multiple sexual partners increases the chances of exposure to HPV.10
History of Other STIs: Infections like chlamydia and gonorrhea can increase the risk of HPV infection and cervical cancer.11
5. Oral Contraceptives (Birth Control Pills):
Slight Increase in Risk: Long-term use of oral contraceptives (over 5 years) may slightly increase the risk of cervical cancer. However, this risk generally decreases after stopping the pill.12
6. Family History:
Increased Risk: If your mother, sister, or daughter has had cervical cancer, your risk may be slightly increased.13
7. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Exposure:
DES: This medication was prescribed to pregnant women in the past to prevent miscarriage. Daughters of women who took DES during pregnancy have a slightly increased risk of a rare type of cervical cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma.
Important Notes:
Risk Factors vs. Causation: Having a risk factor does not guarantee you will develop cervical cancer.14
Prevention:
HPV Vaccination: The HPV vaccine is highly effective at preventing HPV infections and subsequent cervical cancer.15
Regular Screenings: Regular cervical cancer screenings (Pap tests and HPV tests) are crucial for early detection and prevention.16
Safe Sex Practices: Using condoms can reduce the risk of HPV transmission.17
Disclaimer: This information is for general knowledge and informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional18 for any health concerns or before making any decisions regarding your health.
