Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient that plays a role in many important bodily functions, including red blood cell production, nerve function, and DNA synthesis. A deficiency in vitamin B12 can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which can be serious.
Early signs and symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency
The early signs and symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency are often mild and nonspecific, making it difficult to diagnose. These symptoms may include:
- Fatigue
- Weakness
- Shortness of breath
- Pale skin
- Lightheadedness
- Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Constipation
- Diarrhea
- Smooth tongue
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Depression
- Irritability
More advanced signs and symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency
If vitamin B12 deficiency is left untreated, it can lead to more serious signs and symptoms, including:
- Anemia (a condition in which the blood does not have enough healthy red blood cells)
- Neurological problems, such as numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, problems with balance and coordination, and vision problems
- Mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and dementia
- Infertility
- Pregnancy complications, such as miscarriage and neural tube defects in the baby
Causes of vitamin B12 deficiency
Vitamin B12 is found in animal products, such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products. People who follow a vegan or vegetarian diet are at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency, as are people with certain medical conditions, such as pernicious anemia, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis.
Treatment for vitamin B12 deficiency
Treatment for vitamin B12 deficiency typically involves taking vitamin B12 supplements. The dose and duration of treatment will depend on the severity of the deficiency and the underlying cause.
In some cases, vitamin B12 injections may be necessary. This is usually the case for people with pernicious anemia, a condition in which the body is unable to absorb vitamin B12 from food.
Prevention of vitamin B12 deficiency
The best way to prevent vitamin B12 deficiency is to eat a balanced diet that includes animal products. People who follow a vegan or vegetarian diet should talk to their doctor about taking a vitamin B12 supplement.
If you have any of the signs or symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, it is important to see a doctor to get a diagnosis and treatment.
